On Feb 18, 2008 James Carroll published Reviving an old insult to the Jews in the Boston Globe (see below). This article demanded that the Catholic Church alter its liturgy because the current revived Latin version offends Jews. Not only did Carroll refrain from requesting any reciprocal modification of Jewish religious practices and texts, which denigrate Christians, but he admitted that his real concern resulted from fear of a potentially changing interpretation or possible future abandonment of the Nostra Aetate declaration, which he described as the high point of Vatican II.
Historic Jewish Denigration of Christians and Muslims
During the nineteenth century Christian governments and especially the Czarist government encouraged religious and social reforms among Jews. Usually, at least a part of the Jewish community welcomed change and often attempted to work with the non-Jewish government.
Even very conservative Jewish congregations often dropped that portion of the Aleinu prayer that insults non-Jews, i.e., Christians, by claiming they pray to vanity and emptiness. As a result of governmental or self-censorship, the common versions of the Talmuds and other Jewish texts dropped or modified passages that denigrated Jesus, accused Mary of prostitution and otherwise attacked Christian theology. (See Christianity in Talmud and Midrash by R. Travers Herford, Jesus in the Talmud by Peter Schäfer, and below for Hebrew Text with Translation and Transliteration.)
Ariel Scheib explains the change to Aleinu as follows.
Many different sects within Judaism have eliminated various verses in the prayer over time. Many Ashkenazi and Reform prayer books have removed the verse "la-hevel va-rik" (vanity and emptiness), because its numerical connotation equals that of Jesus and Muhammad. For centuries Jews in Eastern Europe were attacked by the Church if caught reciting this verse in the Aleinu prayer. However, most Sephardic and Israeli siddurim leave this verse in the Aleinu. Additionally, nearly all Reform congregations have eliminated the verse "for God has not made us like the nations of the land." During the establishment of the Reform movement, many Jews sought the complete integration of the Jewish people into their mother country. This verse was extracted as a result of the proclamation that the Jewish people were the "Chosen People" and unlike other citizens. In the Diaspora, Jews did not want to be singled-out in society, merely because they were Jews.
Refocusing Reform
In general, the political handling of controversial religious and moral issues in the United States prior to World War II was a triumph of reasoned experience over abstract dogmatism. Unfortunately, since around 1950, it is abstract dogmatism that has triumphed over reasoned experience in American public life. As everyone knows, this unwarranted and unfortunate reversal has provoked a constitutional crisis where there had never been one before. And much as I regret to say this, the sad fact is that American Jews have played a very important role--in some ways a crucial role--in creating this crisis.It is a fairly extraordinary story when one stops to think about it. In the decades after World War II, as anti-Semitism declined precipitously, and as Jews moved massively into the mainstream of American life, the official Jewish organizations took advantage of these new circumstances to prosecute an aggressive campaign against any public recognition, however slight, of the fact that most Americans are Christian. It is not that the leaders of the Jewish organizations were anti-religious. Most of the Jewish advocates of a secularized "public square" were themselves members of Jewish congregations. They believed, in all sincerity, that religion should be the private affair of the individual. Religion belonged in the home, in the church and synagogue, and nowhere else. And they believed in this despite the fact that no society in history has ever acceded to the complete privatization of a religion embraced by the overwhelming majority of its members. The truth, of course, is that there is no way that religion can be obliterated from public life when 95 percent of the population is Christian. There is no way of preventing the Christian holidays, for instance, from spilling over into public life. But again, before World War II, there were practically no Jews who cared about such things. I went to a public school, where the children sang carols at Christmastime. Even among those Jews who sang them, I never knew a single one who was drawn to the practice of Christianity by them. Sometimes, the schools sponsored Nativity plays, and the response of the Jews was simply not to participate in them. There was no public "issue" until the American Civil Liberties Union--which is financed primarily by Jews--arrived on the scene with the discovery that Christmas carols and pageants were a violation of the Constitution. As a matter of fact, our Jewish population in the United States believed in this so passionately that when the Supreme Court, having been prodded by the aclu, ruled it unconstitutional for the Ten Commandments to be displayed in a public school, the Jewish organizations found this ruling unobjectionable. People who wanted their children to know about the Ten Commandments could send their children to heder.Since there was a powerful secularizing trend among American Christians after World War II, there was far less outrage over all this than one might have anticipated. Of course, it has not always been so, and Americans have always thought of themselves as a Christian nation--one with a secular government, which was equally tolerant of all religions so long as they were congruent with traditional Judeo-Christian morality. But equal toleration under the law never meant perfect equality of status in fact. Christianity is not the legally established religion in the United States, but it is established informally, nevertheless. And in the past forty years, this informal establishment in American society has grown more secure, even as the legal position of religion in public life has been attenuated. In this respect, the United States differs markedly from the democracies of Western Europe, where religion continues steadily to decline and is regarded as an anachronism grudgingly tolerated. In the United States, religion is more popular today than it was in the 1960s, and its influence is growing, so the difference between the United States and Europe becomes more evident with every passing year. Europeans are baffled and a little frightened by the religious revival in America, while Americans take the continuing decline of religion in Europe as just another symptom of European decadence.And even as the Christian revival in the United States gathers strength, the Jewish community is experiencing a modest religious revival of its own. Alarmed by a rate of intermarriage approaching 50 percent, the money and energy that used to go into fighting anti-Semitism, or Israel Bonds, is now being channeled into Jewish education. Jewish day schools have become more popular, and the ritual in both Reform and Conservative synagogues has become more traditional. But this Jewish revival does not prevent American Jews from being intensely and automatically hostile to the concurrent Christian revival. It is fair to say that American Jews wish to be more Jewish while at the same time being frightened at the prospect of American Christians becoming more Christian. It is also fair to say that American Jews see nothing odd in this attitude. Intoxicated with their economic, political and judicial success over the past half-century, American Jews seem to have no reluctance in expressing their vision of an ideal America: A country where Christians are purely nominal, if that, in their Christianity, while they want the Jews to remain a flourishing religious community. One can easily understand the attractiveness of this vision to Jews. What is less easy to understand is the chutzpah of American Jews in publicly embracing this dual vision. Such arrogance is, I would suggest, a peculiarly Jewish form of political stupidity.
Some of the most important Catholic Jewish discussions — especially those between Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel and German Roman Catholic Cardinal Bea — overlapped with the Second Vatican Council, which represented an attempt of the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church to respond to the numerous changes throughout the world in the aftermath of WW2.
Furthermore, in her rejection of every persecution against any man, the Church, mindful of the patrimony she shares with the Jews and moved not by political reasons but by the Gospel's spiritual love, decries hatred, persecutions, displays of anti-Semitism, directed against Jews at any time and by anyone.Praeterea, Ecclesia, quae omnes persecutiones in quosvis homines reprobat, memor communis cum Iudaeis patrimonii, nec rationibus politicis sed religiosa caritate evangelica impulsa, odia, persecutiones, antisemitismi manifestationes, quovis tempore et a quibusvis in Iudaeos habita, deplorat. (See below for ADL's "Interfaith" Enmeshment by Karin Friedemann with Joachim Martillo.)
Finally, we should ask whether R. Heschel's approach continues to bear fruit in the twenty-first century. In 2003, the Statement by the Christian Scholars Group entitled "A Sacred Obligation: Rethinking Christian Faith in Relation to Judaism and the Jewish People" offered the following ten statements for the consideration of their fellow Christians:
God's covenant with the Jewish people endures forever. [1] Jesus of Nazareth lived and died as a faithful Jew. [2] Ancient rivalries must not define Christian-Jewish relations today. [3] Judaism is a living faith enriched by many centuries of development. [4] The Bible both connects and separates Jews and Christians. [5] Affirming God's enduring covenant with the Jewish people has consequences for Christian understanding of salvation. [6] Christians should not target Jews for conversions. [7] Christian worship that teaches contempt for Judaism dishonors God. [8] We affirm the importance of the land of Israel for the life of the Jewish people. [9] Christians should work with Jews for the healing of the world. [10]
Eretz Israel! Just a few short years ago this word was derided by almost all Jews except those who wished to be buried there (p.151).

but represents a very specific type of identity politics
that is often used for incitement against Palestinians,
Arabs, and Muslims. See Feb. 11, Harvard: Joseph Massad.
In the project to reform gentiles, James Carroll, who cannot even correctly translate "Et cum spiritu tuo," works to mire Christians in guilt and confusion, for they certainly will not be able to confront Jewish or Zionist racism, fanaticism, extremism, and genocidalism if they lose the ability to stand up for their own personal salvation in the face of American Jewish whining.
But soon enough, after the Gospels had jelled, Rome's murderous assault on the Jews of Judea would make Nero's violence seem benign, and explode the boundaries against which Christian-Jewish stresses had begun to press. The trauma of bloodshed on an imperial scale unprecedented for the Jews, is the necessary context for understanding what was happening in those years among the Jews. Christian anti-Judaism, in other words is not the first cause here; the Roman war against Judaism is.
The Magnes Zionist, who is a Hebrew University professor maintaining an anonymous blog, replies to Wisse in Tough Jewess -- Wisse's "Jews and Power" .
Most of the historical errors reveal the secular Zionist prism through which she views the data. Every Israeli knows where the city of Yavneh is located, but for Wisse it is "abroad" (p. 29), where Ben Zakkai took the first steps "to reconstitute Jewish religious and political authority outside the Land of Israel" (emphasis added.) Yavneh, no less than Jerusalem, is within the Land of Israel, and it became for a short time the center of the Jewish communities of the Land of Israel and the Diaspora. Of course, this mistake is telling: for the Zionists, the tragedy of 70 ce was the loss of political sovereignty and exile, to which the development of rabbinic Judaism was a response. But it was not the loss of sovereignty and exile that bothered the rabbis at Yavneh. Virtually none of the tannaim even mention "exile", and for good reason, they lived in Israel. Rather, it was the loss of the cult of the Temple, which stood at the center of Palestinian Judaism up until time.
As I have written elsewhere, there was no exile following the destruction of the Temple or the Bar Kokhba revolt; there was, according to Baron, increasing voluntary emigration of Jews over centures because of the depressed economic state of the country. The Zionist narrative of exile, founded on Christian and Jewish myths, is like them -- a myth. This is not to say that later there was not a consciousness of living in exile, or a messianic hope for a restoration which waxed and waned. But to reduce Jewish history to: first, the Jews put their faith in Divine power, and then they decided, before it was too late, to bring about their own rededemption through their own power is Zionist poppycock. And what's worse; it is stale poppycock, the sort of propaganda that one finds emanating from Zionist circles a half a century ago.
We have forgotten that Yiddish-speaking Jews were no mere religious or linguistic minority but formed one of Europe's nations, ultimately more populous than many others -- eventually to outnumber Bosnians, Croats, Danes, Estonians, Latvians, Slovaks, Slovenians and Swiss, not to mention the Irish, the Scots and the Welsh. What is more, their contribution to central and eastern Europe's economic, social and intellectual development was utterly disproportionate to their numbers. The Yiddish people must be counted among the founder nations of Europe. (Please take note Ireland, Spain, Italy and Poland, who have pressed for "the Christian roots of the continent" to be proclaimed in the constitution of the European Union.)
Westerners opposed to the application of the Islamic law (the Shari'a) watch with dismay as it goes from strength to strength in their countries — harems increasingly accepted, a church leader endorsing Islamic law, a judge referring to the Koran, clandestine Muslim courts meting out justice. What can be done to stop the progress of this medieval legal system so deeply at odds with modern life, one that oppresses women and turns non-Muslims into second-class citizens?
·Hear Matthias Küntzel, author of the controversial Jihad and Jew-Hatred: Islamism, Nazism and the Roots of 9/11, speak at two New York City events in March:Thursday, March 6
6:00 pm
Columbia University
301 Uris Hall
(Uris Hall is directly north of Low Library, to the left of the Campus Walk as you enter from Broadway at 116th Street)
www.columbia.edu
Saturday, March 22
6:00 pm
Cooper Union
Great Hall (Foundation Building)
(Located at 7 East 7th Street at Third Avenue)
www.cooper.edu
- Sheikh Prof. Abdul Hadi Palazzi, who is leader of Italian Muslim Assembly as well as a co-founder and a co-chairman of the Islam-Israel Fellowship
- Stephen Schwartz (Sulayman Ahmad Schwartz al-Kosovi), who is the executive director of the Center for Islamic Pluralism and who recently attacked Columbia Professor Nadia Abu el-Haj for diverging from Zionist primordialist propaganda,
- Irshad Manji, an outspoken Muslim Lesbian, who suddenly qualified as an expert on Islam to place op-eds in the NY Times, the Washington Post, and the LA Times because of her incredibly silly and ignorant book initially initially entitled The Trouble with Islam and later renamed The Trouble with Islam Today, in which she confirmed Zionist propaganda that the youngest Muslim children are indoctrinated in anti-Semitism as they are taught the Islamic religion, and
- Khaleel Muhammad,
- who is an associate professor of religion at San Diego State,
- who like a number of South Asian scholars appears to have some sort of problem with Arabs, and
- who has developed (actually parroted) a reformed and ridiculous Zionist interpretation of the Quran. (See The Koran and the Jews and private correspondence with Professor Muhammad).
AS THE priest began his sermon, he had trouble with the sound system, and muttered, "There's something wrong with this microphone." To which the congregation automatically replied, "And also with you."
That joke, told to me by a priest, takes off from the ritual exchange between priest and Mass-goers: "The Lord be with you," answered by "And also with you." It assumes a certain level of communication between clergy and congregation - the use of a common language.
The second most important change to take place in the Catholic Church in my lifetime was the substitution of vernacular tongues for Latin in the Mass. When it is the whole people saying, "And also with you," instead of a solitary altar boy reciting "Et cum spiritu tuo," nothing less than the democratic principle is being affirmed. The liturgy is not the private property of the clergy, with the laity mere observers. Instead, this worship is an action of the entire community, one of whom is the priest, who serves as its facilitator. From a seemingly incidental shift in language followed profound theological adjustments, as well as the start of a new structure of authority.
The Latin Mass is at issue again, with the Vatican having last week formally reauthorized the so-called Tridentine Mass, a Latin ritual the rubrics of which were set by the Council of Trent in the 16th century. Any open-minded person can affirm a diversity of practices in a worldwide organization like the Catholic Church, and, as the classic musical compositions show, there was a stark beauty to the ancient liturgy. But more is at stake in this return of Latin than mere aesthetics. Those pushing for a reauthorization of the Tridentine Mass want to roll back the whole Catholic reform, from nascent democracy to the theological affirmation of Judaism.
The first significant vote that the fathers of the reforming Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) took concerned the use of Latin. The Council of Trent had emphasized Latin precisely because the Protestants had repudiated it, especially in biblical texts. The Reformation was defined by nothing so much as the capture of sacred texts and worship by the vernacular - Luther's German, Tyndale's English. So conservatives at Vatican II knew what was at stake in the proposal to abandon Latin. But when the document on the liturgy was put before the council, including approval of the use of the vernacular, the vote in favor was 1,922 to 11. One theologian said, "This day will go down in history as the end of the Counter-Reformation." Pope John XXIII, watching the proceedings in his apartment on closed-circuit television, said simply, "Now begins my council."
And so it did. The Eucharist was no longer understood only as a "sacrifice," enacted on an altar by the priest, with the laity present as mere spectators. It was a meal, like the Last Supper, to be shared in by all. The altar was refashioned as a banquet table and moved away from the far wall of the church, into the center of the community - "facing the people."
Great questions were at stake. Could any thing in Catholic life or belief change, or was the Church changeless? Historical consciousness itself was at issue. It was as if Jesus were remembered by conservatives as speaking Latin, when, of course, he spoke Aramaic.
The most important change in Catholic belief involved recovering the memory that Jesus was a Jew, and that his preaching was an affirmation, not a repudiation, of Jewish belief. Vatican II's high point was the declaration "Nostra Aetate," which condemned the idea that Jews could be blamed for the murder of Jesus, and affirmed the permanence of God's Covenant with Israel. The "replacement" theology by which the church was understood as "superseding" Judaism was no more. Corollary to this was a rejection of the traditional Christian goal of converting Jews to Jesus. The new liturgy of Vatican II dropped all such prayers.
But the Latin Mass published by the Vatican last year resuscitated the conversion insult, praying on Good Friday that God "lift the veil" from "Jewish blindness."
James Carroll's column appears regularly in the Globe.
ONCE AGAIN, James Carroll has found the glass half empty when it is half full ("Reviving an old insult to the Jews," Op-ed, Feb. 18).
Carroll complains about the new Good Friday prayer for the Latin Missal. He seems unable to understand that Catholics believe Jesus is a very good thing, and faults us for praying that Jews will come to see that. What is wrong with praying that all people share a good thing?
We are not praying that God force Jews to become Christian; we only ask that He move their hearts. He may or may not listen to us.
Is Carroll afraid the prayers will work?
ANTHONY DI RUSSO
Nashua
ANTHONY DI RUSSO, in his rebuttal of James Carroll's Feb. 18 op-ed about the Latin Mass, "Reviving an old insult to Jews," writes that "Jesus is a very good thing," and asks "what is wrong with praying that all people share a good thing?" ("The generosity of Good Friday prayer," Letters, Feb. 22) The fact is, the Good Friday prayer is not directed to "all people." If it's a "very good thing" to pray for Jews to accept Jesus, then why not pray for Jesus' acceptance by Hindus? Or Buddhists? How about Muslims? Shouldn't atheists be prayed for to accept Jesus as a "very good thing"?
But the Catholic prayer is specifically for Jews, and that singling out of Jews is the cause of the outrage in both the Catholic and Jewish communities.
The following is the first half of the current Ashkenazi version of the prayer (there is also a second paragraph, which people sometimes omit).
# | English translation | Transliteration | Hebrew |
---|---|---|---|
1 | It is our duty to praise the Master of all, | Aleinu l'shabeach la'Adon hakol | עָלֵינוּ לְשַׁבֵּחַ לַאֲדוֹן הַכֹּל, |
2 | to acclaim the greatness of the One who forms all creation, | latet gedulah l'yotzer b'reishit, | לָתֵת גְּדֻלָּה לְיוֹצֵר בְּרֵאשִׁית, |
3 | For God did not make us like the nations of other lands, | sh'lo asanu k'goyei ha'aratzot, | שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂנוּ כְּגוֹיֵי הָאֲרָצוֹת, |
4 | and did not make us the same as other families of the Earth. | v'lo samanu k'mish'p'chot ha'adamah, | וְלֹא שָׂמָנוּ כְּמִשְׁפְּחוֹת הָאֲדָמָה. |
5 | God did not place us in the same situations as others, | shelo sam chel'qenu kahem, | שֶׁלֹּא שָׂם חֶלְקֵנוּ כָּהֶם, |
6 | and our destiny is not the same as anyone else's. | v'goralenu k'khol hamonam. | .וְגוֹרָלֵנוּ כְּכָל הֲמוֹנָם |
Some congregations outside of Israel omit: | |||
7 | (For they bow to vanity and emptiness | (Sh'hem mish'tachavim l'hevel variq | (שֶׁהֵם מִשְׁתַּחֲוִים לְהֶבֶל וָרִיק, |
8 | and pray to a god which helps not.) | umit'pil'lim el el lo yoshia) | וּמִתְפַּלְּלִים אֶל אֵל לֹא יוֹשִׁיעַ.) |
9 | And we bend our knees, and bow down, and give thanks, | Va'anaḥnu qor`im, umishtaḥavim umodim, | וַאֲנַחְנוּ כֹּרעִים, |
10 | before the King, the King of Kings, | lif'nei Melekh, Mal'khei haM'lakhim, | לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים |
11 | the Holy One, Blessed is He. | haQadosh barukh Hu. | הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. |
12 | The One who spread out the heavens, and made the foundations of the Earth, | Shehu noteh shamayim, v'yosed aretz, | שֶׁהוּא נוֹטֶה שָׁמַיִם וְיֹסֵד אָרֶץ, |
13 | and whose precious dwelling is in the heavens above, | umoshav y'qaro bashamayim mima'al, | וּמוֹשַׁב יְקָרוֹ בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל, |
14 | and whose powerful Presence is in the highest heights. | ushkhinat uzo begav'hei m'romim, | וּשְׁכִינַת עֻזּוֹ בְּגָבְהֵי מְרוֹמִים. |
15 | He is our God, there is none else. | Hu Eloheinu ein od, | הוּא אֱלֹהֵינוּ וְאֵין עוֹד, |
16 | Our King is truth, and nothing else compares. | emet mal'kenu, efes zulato, | אֱמֶת מַלְכֵּנוּ אֶפֶס זוּלָתוֹ. |
17 | As it is written in Your Torah: | kakatuv baTorato: | כַּכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה: |
18 | "And you shall know today, and take to heart, | v'yada'ta hayom, vahashevota el l'vavekha. | וְיָדַעְתָּ הַיּוֹם וַהֲשֵׁבֹתָ אֶל לְבָבֶךָ, |
19 | that Adonai is the only God, | Ki Adonai, hu haElohim, | כִּי יי הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים |
20 | in the heavens above | bashamayim mi ma`al, | בַּשָּׁמַיִם מִמַּעַל |
21 | and on Earth below. There is no other." | v'al ha'aretz mitachat. Ein od. | וְעַל הָאָרֶץ מִתָּחַת. אֵין עוֹד |
by Karin Friedemann with Joachim Martillo
12-14-2005
"New Direction" Sponsored by the Anti-Defamation League — Wednesday, Dec. 7 at 9:30 a.m. in Lower Level McKim A. In keeping with the 40th anniversary of Nostra Aetate, the Vatican II document of 1965 that set Catholic-Jewish relations in a new direction, this interfaith, interactive workshop will focus on helping Christian religious educators to prevent the "fires of hate" both inside and outside the classroom. This workshop will be presented by the New Directions project, a Catholic-Jewish educational initiative co-sponsored by the New England Region of the Anti-Defamation League and the Office of Religious Education of the Archdiocese of Boston.